Akbariyya is a branch of Sufi metaphysics based on Andalusian Sufi gnostic and philosopher Ibn Arabi's teaching. The word is derived from the nickname of Ibn Arabi (1165-1240), who was known as Shaykh al-Akbar, meaning "the greatest shaykh". Al Akbariyya has never been used to indicate a Sufi group or society in history; nowadays it may refer to all historical or contemporary Sufi metaphysicians and Sufis influenced by Ibn Arabi's Sufi doctrine Wahdat al-Wujud. In this regard it is different from Al Akbariyya, a secret Sufi society founded by a Swedish Sufi 'Abdu l-Hadi Aguéli.
Video Akbariyya
Wahdat al-Wujud
Wahdat al-Wajud (Arabic: ???? ?????? Persian: ???? ????) the "Unity of Being" is a Sufi philosophy emphasizing that 'there is no true existence except the Ultimate Truth (God)'. Or in other phrasing that the only truth within the universe is God, and that all things exist within God only.
Ibn Arabi is most often characterized in Islamic texts as the originator of the doctrine of wahdat al-wujud, however, this expression is not found in his works and the first who employed this term was perhaps, in fact, the Andalusian mystical thinker Ibn Sabin. Actually Ibn Arabi's disciple and step son Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi was clearly expressed that term in his works and explained it by using philosophical terms.
See Sufi metaphysics
Maps Akbariyya
Al Akbariyya in Academic Circles
Europa and United States
In the 20th century there has been focus on the Akbariyya School in academic circles and universities. Viewed in a historical context, increased government support for the study of the Muslim world and Islamic languages emerged in the United States after the Second World War. Many of the students attracted to Islam and religious studies during the 1970s in U.S.
The greatest growth in American scholarship on Sufism, then, has arisen from the work done by scholars trained during the 1970s. Alexander Knysh notes that "in the decades after World War Two the majority of Western experts in Sufism were no longer based in Europe, but in North America." Henri Corbin (d.1978) and Fritz Meier (d. 1998) who were prominent among these experts, made important contributions to the study of Islamic mysticism. Another important names were Miguel Asín Palacios (d. 1944), Louis Massignon (d. 1962) made contributions to Ibn Arabi studies. While Palacios discovered some Akbarian elements in Dante's famous work Divine Comedy Louis Massignon studied on famous Sufi Al-Hallaj saying "Anal Hak" (I am the Truth) and because of that expression he was executed.
Seyyed Hossein Nasr and his students and academic disciples, has come to play an important role in certain subfields of Sufi studies. The Influence of Nasr and other Traditionalist writers like Rene Guenon and Frithjof Schuon on Sufi studies could be seen on the interpretation of the works of Ibn Arabi and the Akbarian school by such scholars as Titus Burckhardt, Martin Lings, James Morris, William Chittick, and Sachiko Murata and others. These names are both mostly practitioners of Sufism and scholars studying Sufism.
Turkey
Historically viewed Turkey is a country where Ibn Arabi's most prominent disciple, successor and stepson Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi and other important commentators of Arabi's works lived on. Another important figure Daw?d al-Qay?ar? invited to Iznik by second Ottoman sultan, Orhan Ghazi to be director and teacher of the first Ottoman university (madrasa) was the disciple of Kam?l al-D?n al-Q?sh?n?, himself a disciple of Sadr al-D?n al-Q?naw?. This means that the official teaching itself was set in motion by a great master of the Akbarian school. Not only Sufis but Ottoman sultans, politicians and intellectuals had been deeply impressed by Ibn Arabi and his disciples and interpreters. The last important and famous Sufi impressed by Ibn Arabi's doctrine was Seyyed Muhammad Nur al-Arabi but that effect continued to decrease until the Modern Era. In the 20th century the last important commentator of Fusûs was Ahmed Avni Konuk (d. 1938). He was a mawlawî and composer of Turkish music.
As to academic circles it couldn't be seen many studies on Sufism and especially Akbarian works until the first Ph.D. thesis in Tasawwuf department of Marmara University Theology Faculty, "Ibn 'Arabi's Ontology" titled in Turkish "Muhyiddin ?bn Arabi'de Varl?k ve Varl?k Mertebeleri" completed by Prof.Dr. Mahmud Erol K?l?c in Marmara University in 1995. Fortunately academic studies on Akbarian metaphysic and philosophy began to rise after the studies of Akbarian Turkish scholars like Ph.D. Mustafa Tahral? and Mahmud Erol K?l?c.
In terms of Akbarian studies the most import phase is to translation of Ibn Arabi's (Magnum Opus) "Futuhat-? Makkiyya" to Turkish. A Turkish scholar, Prof.Dr. Ekrem Demirli started to translate it in 2006 and finished in 2012 (18 Volumes). Another important aspect of this translation is that work is the first complete translation to another language of Arabic book. Demirli had previously translated Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi's corpus to Turkish and wrote a PhD Thesis on him in 2004. He also wrote a commentary on Fusus al-Hikam. Demirli's another important work is ?slam Metafizi?inde Tanr? ve ?nsan (God and Human in Islamic Metaphysics), [Istanbul: Kabalc?, 2009 (ISBN 9759971623)].
At last it should not be forgetten there are many Akbarian works in Ottoman Turkish Language waiting for scholars from all over the world to be studied on.
Some of Akbarian Sufis
There had and have been many Akbarian Sufis, metaphysicians and philosophers in history from all over the world. Ibn Arabi has never founded an order (tarika) but declared and developed a Sufi metaphysics called Wahdat al-Wujud. The Sufis listed below were members of different order all while accepting the same metaphysical point of view which was Wahdat al-Wujud..
Some Akbarian Sufis listed below:
- Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi (d. 1274) - student and stepson of Ibn 'Arab?. Lived in Konya the same time as Mawl?n? Jal?l-ad-D?n Rumi
- Mu'ayyid al-D?n al-Jand? (d. 1291?)
- Ism?'?l bin Sawdak?n
- 'Af?f al-D?n al-Tilims?n?
- Fakhr-al-Din Iraqi (1213-1289)
- Aziz al-Nasafi (d.1300?)
- Sa'd al-Din Sa'îd Farghani (d. 1300)
- Mahmud Shabistari (1288-1340)
- 'Abd al-Razz?q al-K?sh?n? (d. ca. 1335)
- Daw?d al-Qay?ar? (d. 1351)
- ?aydar ?m?l? (d. 1385)
- Abd-al-karim Jili (d. 1428)
- Mulla Shams ad-Din al-Fanari (1350-1431)
- Shah Ni'matullah Wali (1330-1431)
- Abdurrahman Jami (1414-1492)
- Idris Bitlisi (d. 926/1520)
- Bâli Efendi of Sophia (d. 960/1552):
- Abdulwahhab al-Sha'rani(1493-1565)
- Mulla Sadra (1571-1641)
- Abdulaziz al-Dabbagh (d.1717)
- Abdulgani Nablusi (1641-1731)
- Ismâil Hakki Bursevî (1652-1725)
- Shah Waliullah al-Dahlawi (1703-1762)
- Ahmad ibn Ajiba (1747-1809)
- Abd al-Qadir al-Jaza'iri (1808-1883)
- Seyyed Muhammad Nur al-Arabi (1813-1887)
- Ahmad al-Alawi (1869-1934)
- Abd al-Wahid Yahya (René Guénon) (1886-1951)
- Mustafa 'Abd al-'Aziz (1911-1974)
- Abdel-Halim Mahmoud (1910-1978)
- Shamsuddin Effendi (c.a 1900-1986?)
- Isa Nur al-Din Ahmad al-Shadhili al Darquwi al- `Alawi al-Maryami (1907-1998)
- Javad Nurbakhsh (1926-2008)
- Badruddin Yahya Effendi (1952-2012)
Reading list about Akbariyya Doctrine
- Masataka Takeshita : Ibn 'Arabi's Theory of the Perfect Man and Its Place in the History of Islamic Thought, Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, 1987
- William C. Chittick :Ibn 'Arabi's Imaginal Worlds: Creativity of Imagination and the Problem of Religious Diversity
- _____________ : The Sufi Path of Knowledge: Ibn al-'Arabi's Metaphysics of Imagination
- ______________ : Ibn 'Arabi - Heir to the Prophets.
- ______________ : Imaginal Worlds.
- ______________ : The Self-Disclosure of God
- Stephen Hirtenstein: The Unlimited Mercifier: The Spiritual Life and Thought of Ibn 'Arabi
- _____________ : Prayer and Contemplation: The Principles of Spiritual Life according to Ibn 'Arabi.
- Henry Corbin : Creative Imagination of the Sufism of Ibn 'Arabi
- ______________ : Alone with the Alone: Creative Imagination in the Sufism of Ibn 'Arabi.
- Claude Addas : Looking for the Red Sulphur: The Story of the Life of Ibn 'Arabi
- ___________________: The Voyage of No Return
- Michel Chodkiewicz: An Ocean without Shore -Ibn 'Arabi, The Book and the Law.
- ___________________: The Seal of the Saints
- ___________________: The Spiritual Writings of Amir Abd al-Kader
- Peter Coates : Ibn 'Arabi and Modern Thought - The History of Taking Metaphysics Seriously
- Alexander D. Knysh : Ibn 'Arabi in the later Islamic Tradition
- Titus Burckhardt : Mystical Astrology According to Ibn 'Arabi
- __________________ : Universal Man by Abd al-Karim al-Jili translated with commentary
- Michael Sells : Mystical Languages of Unsaying
- Ronald L. Nettler : Sufi Metaphysics and Qur'anic Prophets: Ibn 'Arabi's thought and method in the Fusûs al-Hikam
- Toshihiko Izutsu : Sufism and Taoism, Comparative work between Lao Tzu and Ibn Arabi's doctrines.
- Caner K. Dagli: The Ringstones of Wisdom (Fusús al-hikam)translation, introduction & glosses by Caner K. Dagli.
- E.A.Afifi : Ibn Arabi: Life and Works, http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/hmp/XX-Twenty.pdf
- Mohamed Haj Yousef : Ibn 'Arabi - Time and Cosmology
- Pablo Beneito : La taberna de las luces, Ibn Arabi, Shusteri and other Sufis' poems translated to Spanish. Editora Regional de Murcia, 2004
- Fernando Mora : Ibn 'Arabi - Vida y enseñanzas del gran místico andalusí. Editorial Kairós, 2011
See also
- Sufism
- Sufi metaphysics
Notes and references
External links
Articles
- The Academic Study of Sufism at American Universities
- Sufism and Akbarian Tradition
- Practical Sufism: An Akbarian Foundation for a Liberal Theology of Difference by Vincent Cornell
- Early Bestsellers in Akbarian Tradition
- A French Sufi-Akbarian Order
- A General Outline of the Influence of Ibn 'Arabi on the Ottoman Era
- The Self and Other
- The Reflection of the Wahdat al Wujud
- Akbarian Turn
Videos
- James Morris - Whosoever knows himself (Youtube video)
- William Chittick (Symposium-Youtube video)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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